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1. The Yushin Regime and Seoul
1) Emergence of the Yushin Regime 15
A Close Contest, the Presidential Election in 1971 15
From the Declaration of National Emergency to the Passing of the Constitution for the Yushin Regime 19
President Elected by the National Council for Unification 23
2) The Saemaeul Movement, the Practical Application of the Yushin Regime 27
3) Lost Parliamentarianism and Party Politics 31
Election, the Withered Flower of Democracy 31
The National Assembly Hall, Address:1, Yeouido-dong 33
4) Emergency Measures and Democratization Movements 37
5) Demolition of the Yushin Regime 43
From the "Busan-Masan Uprising" in 1979 to the "Death of President Park" 43
Spring in Seoul, 1980 47
2. All-Out National Security and Seoul
1) Under Changes in International Relations 57
The 7·4 Joint South-North Statement and 6·23 Declaration 57
To Find Displaced Families 59
The Sergeant who Returned from Vietnam 61
2) Re-strengthened Security 63
The Silmido Incident and Underground Tunnels 63
First Lady Killed by a bullet 65
Civil Defense and Security Rallies 67
3. Seoul Preparing to Move Forward into the World
1) More Extensive and Solid Administrative Basis 71
2) The Saemaeul Movement and the Municipal Administration of Seoul 77
3) Municipal Administration with Citizens 83
4) Mayors of Seoul 89
4. Economy of Seoul Overcoming Crises
1) 8·3 Emergency Measure 95
2) Oil Crises 97
3) Introduction of Value Added Tax 99
4) Opening of the Era of Export Amounting to USD 10 Billion 101
5. Constant Advance, Urban Development
1) Explosive Increase in Population and Urban Issues 109
2) Development of the Gangnam Area (South of the Han River) 113
Development of Yeongdong 113
Jamsil, Place of Drastic Changes 119
Development of Yeouido 127
3) Constant Construction of Roads 131
Expanded Road Networks 131
Construction of Bridges 143
Maintenance of Road Facilities 153
4) Parks for Citizens 161
5) Urban Re-development 167
Re-development of the Downtown and Low-Income Districts 167
Disposal of Unlicensed Buildings and an Incident in The Grand Gwangju Complex 171
6) Construction of Dikes on the Han River and Maintenance of Streams 177
7) Construction of Waterworks and Drains 187
6. Economic Lifestyle of Seoul Citizens
1) Occupations 197
Increase in Jobs and Soaring Rate of Unemployment 197
Voices of Laborers 203
2) A Market Economy 207
Traditional Markets and Shopping Arcade 207
Growth of Department Stores and Supermarkets 215
7. Transportation and Communication
1) Vehicles 221
Cars and Taxies 221
Buses and Trucks 227
2) Subways and Metropolitan Electric Railroads 233
Opening the Era of Subways 233
Electric Railroads in the Seoul Metropolitan Area 239
3) Aviation 241
4) Traffic Congestion and Order 243
Severe Traffic Congestion 243
Parking Difficulties and Traffic Order 245
5) Communication 249
8. Education
1) Education in National Identity 255
2) Schools 261
Kindergartens and Elementary Schools 261
Middle and High Schools 265
Universities 273
3) Entrance Examinations 281
4) Social Education 285
Korea National Open University and Affiliated Schools of Enterprises 285
Vocational Technical Education and Evening Classes 287
The Korean Children's Center and National Science Museum 289
Cultural Education and Libraries 291
9. Culture and the Arts
1) Media 297
For the Freedom of Speech 297
Popularization of TV and the Seoul Tower 303
2) Literature 307
3) Performance Culture 309
The Sejong Center and National Theater of Korea 309
Plays and Films 313
Guitars and Go-go 315
4) Tourism 317
5) Museums and Art Galleries 319
6) Cultural Assets 323
Nakseongdae and Sayuksinmyo 323
Seoul Seonggwak and Pungnaptoseong 325
Excavation, Restoration and Repair 335
7) Sports 341
Kickoff of the Construction of the Seoul Sports Complex 341
Physical Fitness is National Power 345
8) Religion 349
10. Changes in Citizen Life
1) Two Children are Enough 359
2) Clothing 361
Era of Ready-made Clothing 361
Mini-skirts and Long Hair 363
3) Foods 367
Fixing the Dietary Life 367
Growth of the Restaurant Business 371
Westernized Foods 375
4) Housing 377
Increased Consumption of Fuels 377
Expanded Home Electrical Appliances 381
Detached Homes and Projects for Village Structural Improvement 383
Tenement Houses 387
Living in apartments 389
5) Health and Hygiene 393
Seoul Municipal Gangnam Hospital and Children's Hospital 393
Awareness of Environmental Issues 395
Introduction of a Medical Insurance System 397
6) Welfare 399
7) Accidents 403
8) Seasonal Festivities and Traditional Ceremonies 409
Stricter Simplified Family Rite Standards 409
Customs during the Festive Season and Leisure Practices 411
11. A Changing View of Seoul
1) Downtown 423
Around Sejongno and Taepyeongno 429
Around Myeong-dong and the Namdaemunno Areas 437
Around the Euljiro and Toegyero Areas 441
Around Jongno and Cheonggyecheonno 445
2) Seodaemun-gu 455
3) Mapo-gu 459
4) Yongsan-gu 465
5) Dongdaemun-gu, Seongbuk-gu, and Dobong-gu 469
6) Seongdong-gu 473
7) Gangnam-gu and Gangdong-gu 477
8) Gwanak-gu and Yeongdeungpo-gu 483
9) Landscape along the Han River 487
List of photographs
References