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1
Seoul, To Rise Again(1961~1970)
A Message from Publisher 5
Foreword 7
Notes 9
The Miracle on the Han River : Dynamic Seoul 13
1 The Military Political Coup of May 16, 1961 and Seoul 15
1) An Unforgettable Day May 16,1961 16
Seoul on May 16, 1961 16
A Disappointing Military Government 20
The Supreme Government Organization-Korea’s Supreme Association for National Rebuilding 22
Under the Name of Emergency Measures for National Reconstruction 24
Revolutionary Judgments 28
The National Reconstruction Movement : ‘Let’s Gather beneath the Flag of Reconstruction’ 30
2) From a Military Government to a Civil Government 32
The Promise to Establish a Civil Government 32
New Political Activities 34
The Inauguration of the 3rd Republic 36
2 Seoul, Rapid Changes in Politics 41
1) Anti communism, the Top National Policy ! 42
Anti communism is the only way to survive ! 42
Armed Guerrillas at Segeomjeonggogae Ridge 44
A New Commitment of Yesterday’s Warriors 46
2) Normalization of Korea-Japan Relationship Humiliating Diplomacy 50
A Wave of Protest and Martial Law 50
A Setback of Resistance 54
3) Soldiers to Vietnam 56
4) Elections, the Blossom of Democracy 62
5) The Issue of the Secret Amendment of Constitutional Law for Third Terms 70
3 Seoul and Its Expansion 75
1) Influence of the Central Government 76
2) Doubling of Seoul 80
3) Administration with the People 84
The Seoul Citizen’s Charter and Seoul Citizen’s Day 84
Civil Petitions and Seoul Citizen’s Hall 88
Improvements for the People 92
4) Mayor of Seoul 100
4 The Center of ‘the Miracle on the Han River’ 107
1) Modernization to Economic Growth 108
2) Industrial Expositions and Exhibitions 112
3) Industrial Activities 118
Guro Industrial Complex the Heart of the Metropolitan Manufacturing Industry 118
Productions in Seoul 122
5 Seoul is always under construction 131
1) Road Systems : the Increasing Arteries of Seoul 132
Korea’s Very First Underground Passageway 140
Overpasses and Crossroads in Highly Congested Areas 146
Tunnels, Roads through the Mountains 154
Gangbyeon 1-ro, the First Toll Road 156
The Gyeongbu Expressway, the Greatest Construction since the Foundation of Korea 160
Addition of Bridges across the Han River 164
Bridges Everywhere 170
2) Development after Development ! 174
8·15 Urban Planning Exhibition 174
Constructions in and around the Han River 178
Gwangju Grand Complex 188
The Start of Developments in Gangnam and Jamsil 190
Demolition of Unregistered Buildings and Construction of Apartments for Public Housing 194
The Dark Side of Development : Collapse of Wau Apartment 200
3) Erosion Control and Covering River Ravines 202
4) Water Systems, Sewers and Electricity 208
6 Economic Life cf Seoul Citizens 215
1) Currency Reform and the Incineration of Smuggled Goods 216
2) More Jobs 220
Employment and Unemployment 220
Shadows behind the Rapid Growth 226
3) A Market Economy 228
Old Marketplaces and Roadside Stands 228
Seun Shopping Complex 232
Department Store Bargains 234
The Emergence of Supermarkets 236
7 Transportation and Telecommunication 239
1) Streetcars and Automobiles 240
Disappearing Streetcars 240
Automobiles and Taxi Cabs 244
Buses, the King of Public Transportation 246
2) Trains and Subways 250
Trains 250
The Birth of Subway Lines 254
3) Airways 256
4) Remaining Ferries 258
5) Traffic Problems 260
Rush Hour 260
Traffic Accidents and Traffic Safety Instructions 262
6) Telecommunications 266
Mail 266
Telephone 268
8 Education 273
1) Education Principles 274
Dissolution and Reorganization of the Board of Education 274
Education in Faith and Familial Devotion and the Establishment of Memorials 276
Anti communism Education and the Anti communist League Freedom Center 280
National Chart of Education 282
2) Schools 284
Kindergartens and Elementary Schools 284
Junior High and High Schools 290
Colleges and Universities 294
3) Social Education and Educational Facilities 298
Social Education and Facilities 298
Libraries 300
Children’s Center 304
4) Junior High School Entrance Examination and Radish Juice 306
9 Culture and The Arts 311
1) Mass Media 312
Broadcasting 312
Newspapers and Magazines 318
2) Literature 322
3) Music and Performance 324
Seoul Citizen’s Center and the National Theater of Korea 324
Namsan Outdoor Concert Hall 330
The Seoul Municipal Symphony Orchestra 332
Pop Music 336
4) Films and Plays 340
Films 340
Plays 344
5) Sports 436
6) Tourism 354
7) Cultural Properties 358
8) Religion 366
10 Changes in Civil Lifestyles 375
1) Seoul is Full 376
2) Fashion 380
Simple Outfits 380
Disappearance of Hanbok from Everyday Life 382
Ready made versus tailor made garments 384
Fashion Trends 386
Laundry by Hand and by Washing Machines 388
3) Food 390
Drinking Water Shortage, an Ongoing Problem 390
Rice Shortage and Use of Mixed Food / Wheat Food 394
Snacks and Jajangmyeon 398
Pubs and Beer Halls 402
4) Housing 404
Group Settlements and Moon Villages 404
Public Housing and Model Apartments 408
Emergence of Apartment Complexes 410
Floor Heating and Fuel 414
Garbage and Waste Matters 418
5) Public Health and Hygiene 420
Anthemintics and the Prevention of Epidemics 420
Environmental Sanitation and the Rat Catching Movement 422
6) Aid and Welfare 424
7) Disasters 428
8) Seasonal Festivities and Traditional Ceremonies 434
Traditional Ceremonies and Domestic Standards 434
Holidays 440
11 The Ever changing Landscapes of Seoul 443
1) The Metropolitan Area 444
Sejongno and Taepyeongno 444
Myeong-dong, Namdaemunno, Euljiro, and Toegyero 450
Jongno and Cheonggyecheonno 456
Namsan and its vicinity 462
2) Seodaemun-gu and Mapo-gu 466
3) Yongsan-gu 472
4) Dongdaemun-gu and Seongbuk-gu 476
5) Seongdong-gu 480
6) Yeongdeungpo-gu 484
7) The Han Riverside 490
List of photographs 501
References 512