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Seoul city public transportation system improvement study :final report
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Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background and Objectives 23
1.2. Scope and Contents 25
1.3. Methodology 27
1.4. Expected Results 27
Chapter 2. CURRENT STATUS OF SEOUL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
2.1. Population and Land use 31
2.2. Transportation Facilities : Supply side 33
2.2.1. Street Network 33
2.2.2. Subway and Railroad 35
2.2.3. Terminals and Parking Facilities 39
2.2.4. Number of Vehicles 41
2.3. Travel Pattern : Demand side 43
2.3.1. Transport Demand 43
2.3.2. Hourly Traffic Demand 48
2.4. Transportation Problems in Seoul 49
2.4.1. Introduction 49
2.4.2. Problems Stemming from Land use 49
2.4.3. Problems Stemming from Transportation Planning 51
2.4.4. Problems arising from Planning Agencies 52
2.4.5. Conclusion 53
Chapter 3. THE BUS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN SEOUL
3.1. Public Transportation in Seoul 55
3.2. Analysis of Bus Traffic 56
3.3. Supply and Demand 62
3.4. Bus Patronage : Survey and Analysis 68
3.5. Problems of Bus Transport in Seoul 82
Chapter 4. IMPACT OF THE OPENING OF SUBWAY LINE 3 and 4
4.1. Review of Methodology 87
4.2. Demand Forecast Model 88
4.2.1. Requirements 88
4.2.2. Development of INAM Model 89
4.2.3. Validity of the Model 92
4.3. Zoning for Analysis of Demand for Bus Service 96
4.3.1. Introduction 96
4.3.2. Population, Number of Students and Employee by Zone 100
4.4. Change in Demand After the Opening of Subway Lines 3 and 4 106
4.5. Transport Demand by Section and Surplus Transport Capacity 110
4.6. Changes in Origin and Destination Volume after Opening of Lines 3 and 4 113
Chapter 5. DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF THE ALTERNATIVE IMPROVEMENT SCHEME FOR THE BUS ROUTE SYSTEM
5.1. Comparison with Bus Routes System and Policy in Other Countries 133
5.1.1. Tokyo 133
5.1.2. London 137
5.1.3. Singapore 139
5.1.4. Hamburg 140
5.1.5. Conclusions 141
5.2. Basic Standards for Evaluating the Adjustment of Routes 141
5.2.1. Evaluation Criteria 142
5.2.2. Evaluation Criteria and Standards 144
5.2.3. Public Service Standards 144
5.3. Basic Principles behind the Adjustment of Bus Routes 148
5.3.1. Integrated Bus and Subway System 148
5.3.2. Restriction of Over Concentration of Buses in CBD and Congested Areas 148
5.3.3. Adjustment of Long Distance and Indirect Route 149
5.3.4. Transport Demand and Supply should be more Closely Adjusted 149
5.3.5. Equality of Incomes of Bus Companies 150
5.3.6. Introduction and Exclusive bus Lanes 150
5.3.7. Regards for Existing Bus Routes 150
5.3.8. Conformity with existing Urban Plans 150
5.4. Past Improvement Plans 151
5.4.1. Traffic Circulation Improvement Plan(1977 KIST) 151
5.4.2. Seoul Metropolitan Comprehensive Transportation Plan (1978 KIST) 153
5.4.3. Study on Methods for the Amalgamation of city Bus Companies (1978 KID) 154
5.4.4. Seoul Transportation Improvement Plan(1983 KAIST) 157
5.5. Improvement Alternatives for Bus Routes 158
5.5.1. Approach 158
5.5.2. Alternative A Maximum Service Alternative 158
5.5.3. Alternative B Maximum Transportation Efficiency 162
5.5.4. Alternative C Potential Compromise between Alternatives 164
Chapter 6. ROUTE ADJUSTMENT PLAN BY COMPANY
6.1. Basic Principles 169
6.2. Analysis of Passengers by Company, Route and Bus stop 172
6.2.1. Analysis of Passengers by Company and Route 172
6.2.2. Analysis of Passengers by Bus Stop 186
6.2.3. Adjustment of Long Distance and Indirect Route 208
6.3. Adjustment of CBD Routes 212
6.3.1. Excessive Number of Routes 212
6.3.2. Adjustment of Duplicated Bus Routes 213
6.3.3. Adjustment of Links between CBD and Outskirts 215
6.4. Other Route Adjustments 216
6.4.1. Spread of Feeder Routes for the Subway 216
6.4.2. Bus/Subway Duplication 218
6.4.3. Transit Centers for Feeder Services 225
6.5. Adjustment of Intercity Bus Routes 225
6.6. New Local Circulation Routes 228
Chapter 7. ANALYSIS OF BUS COMPANIES REVENUE BEFORE AND AFTER THE OPENING OF SUBWAY LINES 3 AND 4
7.1. Objectives and Methodology 236
7.2. Analysis of Management Condition by Bus Company 246
7.2.1. Current State 246
7.2.2. Route distance 248
7.2.3. Distribution of Bus Companies by Area 249
7.2.4. Profit and Loss by Company 250
7.2.5. Productivity and Value Added per Employee 259
7.2.6. Analysis of Financial Structure 260
7.2.7. Management Indicators 263
7.3. Forecast of Bus Company Income 264
7.3.1. Unit Cost 264
7.3.2. Unit Revenues 266
7.4. Measures to Improve the Management of Bus Companies 269
7.4.1. Inquiry into the Foreign Management Systems 269
7.4.2. Conclusion 271
7.5. Measures for Optimal Bus Supply 272
7.6. Measures for Equalization of Income 275
7.6.1. Integration of Bus Companies 275
7.6.2. Common Allocation of Buses 277
7.6.3. Comparison of Management 278
7.6.4. Other Alternatives 281
Chapter 8. IMPROVEMENT MEASURES OF BUS OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT
8.1. Feasibility of Bus Cooperative System 285
8.2. Current Bus Cooperative System 286
8.3. Feasibility of Bus Cooperative System in Seoul 288
8.3.1. Introduction 288
8.3.2. KAIST Alternatives 288
8.4. The Application of a Bus Cooperative System in Seoul 291
8.5. Improvement of Fare System 292
8.5.1. Existing System 292
8.5.2. Proposed Fare Structure 293
8.6. Measures for Exclusive Bus Lanes and Bus Priority Systems 298
8.6.1. Background 298
8.6.2. Types of Bus Priority Treatment 300
8.6.3. Measurements and Evaluation of the Effects 303
8.6.4. Measures for Operation 306
8.7. Analysis of the Feasibility of Introducing 307
8.7.1. Types of High-Capacity Bus 307
8.7.2. Analysis of the Characteristics of Articulated Buses 308
8.7.3. Economic Assessment 311
8.7.4. Conclusion of Evaluation 316
8.8. Improvement of Bus Stops 317
8.8.1. Current State of Bus Stops 317
8.8.2. Background 317
8.8.3. Determination of Location of Bus Stop 322
8.8.4. Location of Bus Stop for Feeder to Subway 325
8.8.5. Improvement Alternatives for Location of Bus Stops 326
8.9. Improvement of Numbering of Bus Routes 327
8.9.1. Problems of Current System 327
8.9.2. Division of Traffic Areas for the Numbering of Routes 327
8.9.3. Alternative Numbering Systems 329
8.10. Conclusion 337
Chapter 9. MEDIUM AND LONG TERM ALTERNATIVES
9.1. Directions for the Improvement of Public Transport 339
9.1.1. Urban Expressways 342
9.1.2. Additional Subway Construction 342
9.2. Modal Share of Subway 348
9.3. Improvement of Public Transport Operation 351
9.4. Introduction of New Transport Modes 352
9.4.1. Background 352
9.4.2. Current State of New Transport Systems 353
9.4.3. Feasibility of Introduction of New Transport Mode 356
9.5. Conclusion 358
Chapter 10. SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
10.1. Summary 360
10.1.1. Current Situation and Problems of Bus Transport in Seoul 360
10.1.2. Analysis of Supply and Demand 361
10.1.3. Selection of Alternative Improvement Schemes 367
10.1.4. Improvement of Bus Operation and Management 375
10.1.5. Medium and Long Term Alternatives 379
10.2. General Conclusion 382
10.3. Further Studies 388
APPENDIX